The Influence of Exercise Habits on Body Composition and Physical Fitness Among Female College Freshmen: A Cross-Sectional Study

Abstract

Transition to university life is critical for long-term health, yet rising inactivity and sedentary behaviors among female college students impair fitness and increase health risks. This study examined how exercise habits affect body composition and fitness in female freshmen to inform campus health strategies. Methods: 222 female freshmen from 2022–2023 cohorts completed a physical activity questionnaire and were divided into exercise and non-exercise groups. Objective measures included body composition (BMI, body fat percentage, visceral fat index, waist-to-hip ratio, muscle mass) and fitness (vital capacity, 50-m sprint, 800-m run, sit-ups, standing long jump, sit-and-reach, grip strength, ruler drop, single-leg stance). Data were analyzed using General Linear Model. Results: The exercise group showed significantly better muscle mass, 50-m sprint, 800-m run, sit-ups, and grip strength (p < .05). Interaction effects between cohort and exercise habits were significant for body fat percentage, visceral fat index, and standing long jump (p < .05). No differences in BMI, vital capacity, or sit-and-reach (p > .05). Conclusion: Regular exercise improves body composition (increased muscle, reduced fat) and enhances speed, strength, and cardiorespiratory endurance in female freshmen. Since BMI alone cannot detect "hidden obesity," universities should use comprehensive body composition assessments and combine environmental and digital interventions to promote sustainable exercise.